are purple and aromatic because we see and smell them. But we don’t know they’re “aromatic” unless we’ve learned what that word means, and we learned that from another English-speaking person. As many have pointed out, Descartes himself couldn’t forget everything. If he wanted to publish his theory—and he did—he had to remember Latin or French and how to write. He had to believe that the French or Latin he wrote would be understood by his readers. Doubt can only go so far. No English speaker invented